Micrometer Set Storage
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Micrometer Set Storage
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Nanoelectronic is concerned with understanding and exploiting the properties of devices, which have dimensions at the nanometre scale.
Microelectronics will gradually evolve into nano-electronic. In fact, this has already happened as can be seen from the smallest feature size of present integrated circuits, which is below of one micrometer. It is currently believed that optical lithography can be used for ground rules down to 150 nm and might even be used for the 100 nm generation and below. This would imply an increasing process and mask complexity, and consequently, increasing the cost.
Molecular-scale electronic has been widely touted as "the next step" in electronic miniaturization, with theory and research suggesting that single molecules may have the capability to take the place of today's much larger electronic components.
Therefore, what are the advantages of scaling down of devices?
Speed of operation - Reduction of the parasitic capacitances associated with non-conductive paths in an electronic device leads to a higher cut-off frequency. This enables a device to operate at much higher speeds. Density - An obvious advantage. This reduces size and cuts materials cost. Power dissipation - This is reduced due to lesser resistance in interconnects and currents flowing in smaller circuits. In lasers, the use of lower dimensional systems reduces the threshold current due to improved density of states distribution. New applications - This enables certain uses, currently speculative, but very much in the offing.
Integrated circuits are also known as microelectronic. The term micro derives from micro-fabrication technology, which embraces all highly sophisticated techniques like optical- and electron-beam lithography, metallization, implantation and etching that allow generating structures on the scale of one micrometer.
In the early 1970's, two scientists, Ari Aviram and Mark Ratner, began to envision electronic circuit elements made from single molecules and described in detail how they might function. This was the origin of the field of molecular electronics, now sometimes called molecular-scale electronics.
The emergence of molecular electronics and spintronics is providing a challenge to traditional electronic manufacturing techniques. Significant reduction in size and the sheer enormity of numbers in manufacturing are the benefits of molecular electronics. Scientists predict that computers will be assembled using molecules in the future, pushing technology far beyond the limits of silicon.
Satish P. Nair, Technical Insight Analyst says "The future of electronics is nano-sized, exciting nanofabrication techniques have unfolded different methods to engineer nanowires, quantum wells, and nanotubes which function as the building blocks of future nanoelectronic devices." The progress in carbon nanotube and semiconductor nanowire has provided researchers with a model against which to gauge future nanoscale devices and systems.
Adds Nair: "Molecular electronic can create devices that could be a thousand times smaller than current semiconductor-based devices. Molecular memories will also have a storage density million times that of today's best semiconductor chips."
Dramatic breakthroughs in molecular electronic by industry giant Hewlett Packard (HP) and other major developers validate these predictions. HP has created a new kind of minute circuit for computer chips using nanotechnology. The company's research laboratory also announced the development of the highest density electronically addressable memory to date.
Nair notes: "Research indicates that the time-to-market for commercial applications of Nanoelectronic-based devices is shrinking with the years. It is predicted that within the next five years, we will probably witness the first complete based-based device in the market."
Nanoelectronic areas being studied include the fabrication of atomic wires; Single Electron Tunnelling (SET) devices and atto-farad structures; and the study of spin-polarised electronics and magnetic nano-structures, all of which are likely to play an important part in future electronic devices. A study of the thermal motion of an isolated surface-trapped atom will also be carried out and its potential as a nano-scale noise thermometer investigated.
By growing nanowires that are 20 to 200 nanometers in diameter (one nanometer is one one-thousandth of a micrometer and human hair is typically 50 to 100 micrometers thick), researchers say they are closer to creating the circuitry required for nanoelectronic devices.
Research and development in nanoelectronic has been fuelled by huge investments by various national governments, as it is happing with nanotechnology in general. Countries in Europe and Asia, notably Japan and China are expecting to spend - and reportedly spending at the present - millions of dollars in the field of nanoelectronic.
Altawell.
©Altawell 2008
Hard Disk Failure And Data Recovery
Hard Disk Failure and Data Recovery
Hard disk is a non-volatile data storage device that stores electronic data on a magnetic surface layered onto hard disk platters.Visit here http://recovermyfilessoftware.blogspot.com
"Hard" is use to differentiate it from a soft, or floppy disk. Hard disks hold more data and can store from 10 to more than 100 gigabytes, whereas most floppies have a maximum storage capacity of 1.4 megabytes. Normally term hard disk is much familiar with computers only but it is widely used as network attached storage for large volume storage. Furthermore, appliance of hard disk drives spread out to video recorders, audio players, digital organizers, digital cameras, and even in latest cellular telephones.
Reynold Johnson invented first hard disk in 1955 for IBM 305 computer with 24 inch platters and total capacity of five million characters, and in 1956 - first commercial hard disk was launched with 5 megabyte capacity, the IBM 350 RAMAC disk drive. Within time frame of 50 years and rapid progress in technical enhancement, we have now reached to latest 2006 - First 750 GB hard drive from (Seagate) and First 200 GB 2.5" Hard Drive utilizing Perpendicular recording (Toshiba).
Hard disk consists four basic components:
The Platters: Platters are the actual disks inside the drive that store the magnetized data. Conventional platters are made of a light aluminum alloy and coated with magnetize-able material but latest technology uses glass or ceramic platters as they are thinner and also heat resisting. Most drives have at least two platters and the larger the storage capacity of the drive, the more platters there are.
The Spindle Motor: Hard disk drive consists of a spindle on which the platters spin at a constant RPM. Moving along and between the platters on a common arm are read-write heads. The platters in a drive are divided by disk spacers and are clamped to a revolving spindle that turns all the platters in a uniform motion. The spindle motor is built right into the spindle and rotates the platters at a constant set rate ranging from 3,600 to 7,200 RPM.
The Read/Write Heads: Read/write heads read and write
data to the platters, and each head is fixed to a single actuator shaft so that
all the heads move in harmony. Typically, only one of the heads is active at a
time either reading or writing data, if not in use, the heads are inactive, but when
it is in motion the spinning of the platters generate air pressure that lifts the heads off the platters. The space between the platter and the head is so minute that even one dust particle or a fingerprint could disable the spin. When the platters cease spinning the heads come to rest, at a preset position on the heads, called the landing zone.
The Head Actuator: All the heads are attached to a single head actuator arm, which moves the heads around the platters. The
actuator arm moves the heads on an arc across the platters as they spin, allowing each head to access almost the entire surface of the platter. Contemporary hard drives use a voice coil actuator, which controls the movement of a coil toward or away from a permanent magnet based on the amount of current flowing through it.
Fundamental structures of all hard disk are same, and are composed of the same physical features, but their performance depends on the quality of their inner components.
Hard Disk Failure:
Hard Disk Failure occurs when a hard disk drive malfunctions and the accumulate data cannot be accessed. It may happen in the course of normal operation due to an internal or external factor. Disk failure varies and the most common is "Head Crash" where the internal read and write head of a device touches a platter or magnetic storage surface often grinding away the magnetic surface. Head hover just micrometers from the platters plane which makes such collision a common one. This sort of crash usually invites severe data loss and unprofessional data recovery attempts results further damage to the remaining data. Hard drive also includes other controller electronics i.e., semiconductors, valves or electronic circuits, and major components such as Platters, Spindle Motor and Head Actuator. Failure on any of these devices may cause a hard disk failure.
Factors that causes disk failure are numerous, yet most common are power surges, voltage fluctuations, electronic malfunction, physical shock, wear and tear, corrosion, exposure to high magnetic waves, sharp impact, high temperature exposure etc.
The phenomena of hard disk failure is raising higher, as to increase the read and write speed, today we have latest hard disk rotating amazingly faster and this immense revolving speed generates massive centrifugal force, a single adverse cause in the course of normal operation can cause severe hard disk failure.Visit here http://recovermyfilessoftware.blogspot.com
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Visit here http://recovermyfilessoftware.blogspot.com
NASA ISS On-Orbit Status 6 July 2010
All ISS systems continue to function nominally, except those noted previously or below.
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